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3 Pillars of Public Speaking

Ethos, Pathos, Logos:

2300 years ago, Aristotle wrote down the secret to being a persuasive speaker, the secret which forms the basis for nearly every public speaking book written since then.
Do you know the secret?
If you don’t, you might be wondering what a 2300-year-old theory has to do with public speaking in the year 2013.
In a word — everything!
In this article, you’ll learn what ethos, pathos, and logos are (the secret!), and what every speaker needs to understand about these three pillars of public speaking.

What are Ethos, Pathos, and Logos?

So, what are ethos, pathos, and logos?
In simplest terms, they correspond to:

• Ethos: credibility (or character) of the speaker
• Pathos: emotional connection to the audience
• Logos: logical argument

Together, they are the three persuasive appeals. In other words, these are the three essential qualities that your speech or presentation must have before your audience will accept your message.

Origins of Ethos, Pathos, Logos — On Rhetoric by Aristotle

Three Pillars of Public Speaking

1. Ethos, Pathos, Logos - Introduction
2. Ethos - Speaker Credibility
3. Pathos - Emotional Connection
4. Logos - Logical Argument

Written in the 4th century B.C.E., the Greek philosopher Aristotle compiled his thoughts on the art of rhetoric into On Rhetoric, including his theory on the three persuasive appeals.
Many teachers of communication, speech, and rhetoric consider Aristotle’s On Rhetoric to be a seminal work in the field. Indeed, the editors of The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the Mediterranean World to the Global Setting call it “the most important single work on persuasion ever written.” It is hard to argue this claim; most advice from modern books can be traced back to Aristotle’s foundations.

Ethos

Before you can convince an audience to accept anything you say, they have to accept you as credible.
There are many aspects to building your credibility:

• Does the audience respect you?
• Does the audience believe you are of good character?
• Does the audience believe you are generally trustworthy?
• Does the audience believe you are an authority on this speech topic?

Keep in mind that it isn’t enough for you to know that you are a credible source. (This isn’t about your confidence, experience, or expertise.) Your audience must know this. Ethos is your level of credibility as perceived by your audience.

Pathos

Pathos is the quality of a persuasive presentation which appeals to the emotions of the audience.

• Do your words evoke feelings of … love? … sympathy? … fear?
• Do your visuals evoke feelings of compassion? … envy?
• Does your characterization of the competition evoke feelings of hate? contempt?

Emotional connection can be created in many ways by a speaker, perhaps most notably by stories. The goal of a story, anecdote, analogy, simile, and metaphor is often to link an aspect of our primary message with a triggered emotional response from the audience.

Logos

Logos is synonymous with a logical argument.

• Does your message make sense?
• Is your message based on facts, statistics, and evidence?
• Will your call-to-action lead to the desired outcome that you promise?

Which is most important? Ethos? Pathos? or Logos?

Suppose two speakers give speeches about a new corporate restructuring strategy.

• The first speaker — a grade nine student — gives a flawless speech pitching strategy A which is both logically sound and stirs emotions.
• The second speaker — a Fortune 500 CEO — gives a boring speech pitching strategy B.

Which speech is more persuasive? Is the CEO’s speech more persuasive, simply because she has much more credibility (ethos)?
Some suggest that pathos is the most critical of the three. Bert Decker says that people buy on emotion (pathos) and justify with fact (logos). 
Aristotle believed that logos should be the most important of the three persuasive appeals. As a philosopher and a master of logical reasoning, he believed that logos should be the only required persuasive appeal. That is, if you demonstrated logos, you should not need either ethos or pathos.
However, Aristotle stated that logos alone is not sufficient. Not only is it not sufficient on its own, but it is no more important than either of the two other pillars. He argued that all three persuasive appeals are necessary.

The Most Important Thing to Analyze: The Speech Objectives

Knowing the speaker’s objective is critical to analyzing the speech, and should certainly influence how you study it.

• What is the speaker’s goal? Is it to educate, to motivate, to persuade, or to entertain?
• What is the primary message being delivered?
• Why is this person delivering this speech? Are they the right person?
• Was the objective achieved?

The Audience and Context for the Speech

A speaker will need to use different techniques to connect with an audience of 1500 than they would with an audience of 15. Similarly, different techniques will be applied when communicating with teenagers as opposed to communicating with corporate leaders.

• Where and when is the speech being delivered?
• What are the key demographic features of the audience? Technical? Students? Elderly? Athletes? Business leaders?
• How large is the audience?
• In addition to the live audience, is there an external target audience? (e.g. on the Internet or mass media)

Speech Content and Structure

The content of the speech should be selected and organized to achieve the primary speech objective. Focus is important — extraneous information can weaken an otherwise effective argument.

Before the Speech

• Were there other speakers before this one? Were their messages similar, opposed, or unrelated?
• How was the speaker introduced? Was it appropriate?
• Did the introduction establish why the audience should listen to this speaker with this topic at this time?
• What body language was demonstrated by the speaker as they approached the speaking area? Body language at this moment will often indicate their level of confidence.

The Speech Opening

Due to the primacy effect, words, body language, and visuals in the speech opening are all critical to speaking success.

• Was a hook used effectively to draw the audience into the speech? Or did the speaker open with a dry “It’s great to be here today.“
• Did the speech open with a story? A joke? A startling statistic? A controversial statement? A powerful visual?
• Did the speech opening clearly establish the intent of the presentation?
• Was the opening memorable?

The Speech Body

• Was the presentation focused? i.e. Did all arguments, stories, anecdotes relate back to the primary objective?
• Were examples or statistics provided to support the arguments?
• Were metaphors and symbolism use to improve understanding?
• Was the speech organized logically? Was it easy to follow?
• Did the speaker bridge smoothly from one part of the presentation to the next?

The Speech Conclusion

Like the opening, the words, body language, and visuals in the speech conclusion are all critical to speaking success. This is due to the recency effect.

• Was the conclusion concise?
• Was the conclusion memorable?
• If appropriate, was there a call-to-action?

Delivery Skills and Techniques

Delivery skills are like a gigantic toolbox — the best speakers know precisely when to use every tool and for what purpose.

Enthusiasm and Connection to the Audience

• Was the speaker enthusiastic? How can you tell?
• Was there audience interaction? Was it effective?
• Was the message you- and we-focused, or was it I- and me-focused?

Humor

• Was humor used?
• Was it safe and appropriate given the audience?
• Were appropriate pauses used before and after the punch lines, phrases, or words?
• Was it relevant to the speech?

Visual Aids

• Were they designed effectively?
• Did they complement speech arguments?
• Was the use of visual aids timed well with the speaker’s words?
• Did they add energy to the presentation or remove it?
• Were they simple and easy to understand?
• Were they easy to see? e.g. large enough
• Would an additional visual aid help to convey the message?

Use of Stage Area

• Did the speaker make appropriate use of the speaking area?

Physical – Gestures and Eye Contact

• Did the speaker’s posture display confidence and poise?
• Were gestures natural, timely, and complementary?
• Were gestures easy to see?
• Does the speaker have any distracting mannerisms?
• Was eye contact effective in connecting the speaker to the whole audience?

Vocal Variety

• Was the speaker easy to hear?
• Were loud and soft variations used appropriately?
• Was the pace varied? Was it slow enough overall to be understandable?
• Were pauses used to aid understandability, heighten excitement, or provide drama?

Language

• Was the language appropriate for the audience?
• Did the speaker articulate clearly?
• Were sentences short and easy to understand?
• Was technical jargon or unnecessarily complex language used?
• What rhetorical devices were used? e.g. repetition, alliteration, the rule of three, etc.

Intangibles

Sometimes, a technically sound speech can still miss the mark. Likewise, technical deficiencies can sometimes be overcome to produce a must-see presentation. The intangibles are impossible to list, but here are a few questions to consider:

• How did the speech make you feel?
• Were you convinced?
• Would you want to listen to this speaker again?
• Were there any original ideas or techniques?

Unity of Minds - original script of APJ Kalam Speech on 55th Independence day

Unity Of Minds 'Any act by anyone anywhere in India that runs counter to the eternal values -- non-violence,  tolerance, acceptance of all religions and different ways of life, search for truth and fearlessness would pose a threat to the fabric of free Indian nation.' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Following is the full text of the President's address to the nation on the eve of Independence Day.

My dear citizens of India,

On the eve of the 55th anniversary of our Independence, I have great pleasure in offering you my best wishes for your well-being and happiness. My salutations to all of you both in India and abroad.

May I extend a special word of gratitude to the men of our defence who guard our frontiers on the land, on the sea and in the air and paramilitary forces. May I also convey my special appreciation to our farmers who toil on the fields, technicians who keep the wheels of our industry moving, teachers who create knowledge products to the society and doctors, engineers, scientists, technologists and other professionals and administrators who are the prime movers of national development. May I wish the youth of India whose purposeful hard work with sweat will be a major transforming force for prosperous India.

I met some of the freedom fighters a few days ago at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Each and every one of them was the live force for our freedom movement. On this day, I salute all men and women of India who fought for our freedom and sacrificed their lives to achieve our Independence. Seeding a great vision and an indomitable spirit to achieve India's freedom took place around 1857. For 90 years, there were a number of intensive struggles for freedom. Many of our people and leaders were in jail and their sufferings got transformed into freedom movement, with national ethos under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. I have tried to capture the essence of the freedom movement. Two aspects have come out: as a result of supreme sacrifices and dedicated and focused efforts, we got our Independence. The second aspect is that the vision driven movement itself created many leaders in different spheres of politics, economics, industry, science, arts and culture.

After Independence, India has made significant achievements in agriculture and food production, energy, healthcare, education and various fields of science and technology. Particularly we have made our mark in the international arena in the fields of pharmaceuticals, information technology, mass media and communication, space, defence and nuclear science.

Similar to the first vision, which created a movement to achieve freedom with unity of minds of our people and the unity of purpose in actions, we need a second vision, which will integrate people from all walks of our society towards a common purpose. The second vision of our nation is to transform it from the present developing status to a developed nation by integrated actions simultaneously in the areas of agriculture and food processing, education and healthcare, infrastructure development including power, information and communication technologies, and critical technologies. This greater vision will aim to alleviate poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. When the minds of the people of our country are unified and fused towards this vision, the dormant potential will manifest as a mammoth power leading to a happy and prosperous life of a billion people. This vision of the nation will also remove the conflicts arising out of differences and small thinking.

Dear citizens, I would like to reiterate that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India. It is not an international issue. India is ready for bilateral dialogue once the cross border terrorism is brought to a complete end. Normal election process is on in Jammu and Kashmir. It is essential to ensure its successful completion and dawn of peace in Jammu and Kashmir.

We also have many challenges in front of us. We have to find a solution to the repeated droughts and floods; we have to eradicate communal and other divisive clashes sprouting in certain parts and remove the pains of our people whether it is in Jammu and Kashmir or in any other part of our country; we also have to find a permanent solution to combat terrorism.

Let us now look at a long-term problem. It is paradoxical to see floods in one part of our country while some other parts face drought. This drought - flood phenomenon is a recurring feature. The need of the hour is to have a water mission which will enable availability of water to the fields, villages, towns and industries throughout the year, even while maintaining environmental purity. One major part of the water mission would be networking of our rivers. Technological and project management capabilities of our country can rise to the occasion and make this river networking a reality with long term planning and proper investment. In addition, the vast sea around us can help by providing potable water through desalination as a cost effective technology. There are of course short term techniques such as water harvesting by revitalizing rural ponds, water recycling to water conservation. Such programmes should have a large scale people participation even at the conceptual and project planning stages. The entire programme should revolve around economic viability leading to continued prosperity for our people with larger employment potential, environmental sustainability, grass root level motivation and benefit sharing.

I would now like to share with you friends, another crucial requirement and necessity for our country. We cannot sustain a second vision for the country without Unity of Minds of all our people. Our great strength is our pluralistic tradition and civilisational heritage of nearly 3000 years. I have always been asking myself what the strength of our heritage is. A unique fusion has taken place with multiple cultures, religions and the way of life of many parts of the world and that has become the foundation of the Indian life. One can trace from 1857 to date, the type of good experiences we have had and also the strife resulting out of the differences in thoughts.

I have just now returned from Gujarat after interactions with various cross sections of people, leaders, officials and rehabilitation workers in the areas affected by recent disturbances and earthquake. I also visited the Sabarmati Ashram which was established by Mahatma Gandhi for the purpose of our countrymen to carry on the search for truth and develop fearlessness. I sat in silence for a while in the Ashram and remembered the life of Gandhiji. One dominant thought came to my mind. If we can go above our own personal hardships and see the problems of others and decide to work for a larger cause, then there is natural elevation of our minds. When we are lax in this, then our level of thinking goes down. I felt confident that all of us can be elevated to the level of noble minds, if we just decide to understand others and to practice tolerance. I realized that Gujarat has given the noble leader - Mahatma Gandhi, unifier of the nation - Vallabhbhai Patel and the great visionary in science and technology - Vikram Sarabhai and many more. Time has come for every one of us to put the thoughts of these great souls into action for nation's welfare.

Non-violence, tolerance, acceptance of all religions and different ways of life, search for truth and fearlessness are the values the Mahatma taught us and they are the cornerstones of our civilisational heritage and, therefore, of Indian polity. Any act by anyone anywhere in India that runs counter to these eternal values would pose a threat to the fabric of free Indian nation which was born and nurtured by the supreme sacrifices of countless noble souls. We should all work together to achieve the mission for Unity of Minds to preserve what we so preciously earned and reach greater heights in the future.

When I interact with school children and youth, wherever I go, one question comes often. They ask me "who are our role models?" Parents and teachers have to show them by example to live as enlightened citizens. Children also look for role models at national level in different fields. I have described earlier the role models from Gujarat. Each state of our country has many such examples of the past. It is now time we create more role models from the present. I suggest that members of our Parliament and Legislatures can shape the future of our children by becoming good role models. Parliament and Legislatures have a crucial role in giving the vision of developed India and value based polity. Our children should see the members of the Parliament debating the vision of developed India, providing action plans and putting forth great thoughts and challenges to them. Looking at the national leaders, the children will find their role models for their development and growth.

I am sure, our leadership and our people can achieve the second vision of developed India. Let us take a vow on this Independence Day that the nation is more important compared to any individual, party or organisation.

I pray to the Almighty for Unity of Minds and our success in every aspect of life.

'Jai Hind'

English Lab Schedule

Download Lab Schedule

Course Details:

Course Title	English Language Lab (ELL)
Course Code	AHE1102		L    T    P    C	0 0 3 2
Program:	B. Tech.
Specialization:	Common to all branches
Semester	I / II
Prerequisites	Basics of English up to +2 level
Courses to which it is a prerequisite		N/A

Course Outcomes (COs):

1	Recognize the sounds of English; understand the functions of   Stress & Intonation in connected speech.
2	Exhibit Oral and Aural abilities in academic and career communication.
3	Demonstrate Public Speaking, Debating, Presentation and Discussion skills.
4	Apply critical and creative thinking skills for employability.
5	Enable basic written communication skills in academic, technical and professional contexts.

Teaching-Learning and Evaluation

Week	Topic / CONTENTS	Course Outcomes	Sample questions	*Teaching-Learning Strategy	Assessment Method & Schedule
1	Teacher: Introduction to Communication Skills Students Activity: Introducing Oneself	CO 1, CO 2	Introduce yourself? What motivated you to join Engineering?	Lecture, PPT, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Diagnosis of learner needs.
2	T: Listening Comprehension S: Listening to Some Audio/Video Clips	CO 2, CO 3	Fill in the blanks, Answer Multiple choice questions after listening to an audio file?	Lecture, PPT, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Internal test / End Exam
3	T: Reference Skills(Dictionary skills, Note-Making& Note Taking)	CO 3, CO 4	Make notes on the following passage. Search the idioms of the word ‘make’ with the help of CALD/OALD?	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
4	T : Introduction to Phonetics: Consonants/ Vowels S: Listening to the sounds of English and Practicing	CO 1	Recognize and produce English Vowel Sounds	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
5	T : Introduction to Phonetics: Consonants/ Vowels S: Listening to the sounds of English and Practicing	CO 1	Recognize and produce following English Consonant Sounds.	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
6	T: Oral Presentation Skills (Individual/Pair) S: JAM (Just A Minute) Sessions	CO 3	Speak a minute on your chosen topic. (extempore)	Task-based interaction	Individual or Team Presentation
7	T: Oral Presentation  Skills (Individual/Pair) S: Presentations (Oral)	CO 3	Present a talk on a current issue such as global warming...etc.	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Individual or Team Presentation
8	I CYCLE LAB TEST
9	T: Word Stress S: Stress practice	CO 1	Place the stress on the given word set: Object(V), Object(N)	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
10	T: Instructions on Situational Dialogue/Role Play / S: Enacting  Roleplays	CO1, CO2	Role-play - A scene at library. / A situation at railway station.	Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
11	T: Group Discussion S: GD practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Discuss the topic ‘ entry of foreign Universities in India’	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Internal test / End Exam
12	T: Group Discussion S: GD practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Discuss topics  such as  Present state of Indian Politics…etc	Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Internal test / End Exam
13	T: Debate S: Debate practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Are disasters natural or man-made? Debate	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Internal test / End Exam
14	T: Telephonic Communication S: practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Enact a conversation on booking a hotel reservation.	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
15	T:Team presentations (PPTs) S: Practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Present your  Ideas (theme-based).	Lecture, PPT,  Video modules, Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation, Internal test / End Exam
16	T:Team presentations (PPTs) S: Practice	CO 3, CO4, CO5	Present a chosen topic on PPT mode.	Task-based interaction	Feedback & Continuous Evaluation
17	II CYCLE LAB TEST
18/19	END EXAM